૧. પરિચય (Introduction)
Adjective ના ત્રણ Degrees of Comparison હોય છે. તે કોઈ વ્યક્તિ, પ્રાણી કે વસ્તુની બીજા સાથે તુલના કરવા માટે વપરાય છે.
| Degree | અર્થ | ઉદાહરણ |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Degree | સામાન્ય ગુણ (તુલના વગર) | Ram is tall. |
| Comparative Degree | બે વચ્ચે તુલના (વધુ/ઓછું) | Ram is taller than Shyam. |
| Superlative Degree | બધામાં સૌથી વધુ/ઓછું | Ram is the tallest boy in the class. |
૨. Degrees બનાવવાના નિયમો (Rules for Forming Degrees)
Rule 1: એક અક્ષર ધરાવતા Adjectives (1-syllable)
Positive માં -er (Comparative) અને -est (Superlative) ઉમેરો.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| Tall | Taller | Tallest |
| Small | Smaller | Smallest |
| Great | Greater | Greatest |
| Long | Longer | Longest |
| Short | Shorter | Shortest |
| High | Higher | Highest |
| Low | Lower | Lowest |
અપવાદ (Consonant + Vowel + Consonant): છેલ્લો અક્ષર બમણો થાય.
- Big → Bigger → Biggest
- Hot → Hotter → Hottest
- Fat → Fatter → Fattest
- Thin → Thinner → Thinnest
- Red → Redder → Reddest
Rule 2: ‘e’ અંતે આવતા 1-syllable Adjectives
માત્ર -r અને -st ઉમેરો.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| Wise | Wiser | Wisest |
| Large | Larger | Largest |
| Brave | Braver | Bravest |
| Fine | Finer | Finest |
| Noble | Nobler | Noblest |
Rule 3: 2-syllable Adjectives (y થી અંત)
‘y’ ને i માં બદલીને -er અને -est ઉમેરો.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| Happy | Happier | Happiest |
| Easy | Easier | Easiest |
| Heavy | Heavier | Heaviest |
| Busy | Busier | Busiest |
| Lucky | Luckier | Luckiest |
| Pretty | Prettier | Prettiest |
| Dirty | Dirtier | Dirtiest |
Rule 4: 2-syllable Adjectives (er, le, ow, y, some, ure થી અંત)
આને પણ -er અને -est મળી શકે.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| Clever | Cleverer | Cleverest |
| Narrow | Narrower | Narrowest |
| Gentle | Gentler | Gentlest |
| Simple | Simpler | Simplest |
| Quiet | Quieter | Quietest |
Rule 5: 3 અથવા વધુ અક્ષરો ધરાવતા Adjectives
‘More’ (Comparative) અને ‘Most’ (Superlative) નો ઉપયોગ કરો.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| Beautiful | More beautiful | Most beautiful |
| Intelligent | More intelligent | Most intelligent |
| Interesting | More interesting | Most interesting |
| Difficult | More difficult | Most difficult |
| Dangerous | More dangerous | Most dangerous |
| Expensive | More expensive | Most expensive |
| Comfortable | More comfortable | Most comfortable |
Rule 6: 2-syllable Adjectives (both -er and more)
કેટલાક 2-syllable Adjectives બંને રીતે વાપરી શકાય.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| Polite | Politer / More polite | Politest / Most polite |
| Common | Commoner / More common | Commonest / Most common |
| Pleasant | Pleasanter / More pleasant | Pleasantest / Most pleasant |
| Handsome | Handsomer / More handsome | Handsomest / Most handsome |
૩. અનિયમિત Adjectives (Irregular Comparisons) – અતિ મહત્વ
આના Degrees નિયમ મુજબ નથી બનતા. તેમને મોઢે યાદ કરો.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| Good / Well | Better | Best |
| Bad / Ill | Worse | Worst |
| Much / Many | More | Most |
| Little (જથ્થો) | Less | Least |
| Little (કદ) | Smaller | Smallest |
| Far (અંતર) | Farther | Farthest |
| Far (વધારે / અમૂર્ત) | Further | Furthest |
| Old (વ્યક્તિ/વસ્તુ) | Older | Oldest |
| Old (કુટુંબ) | Elder | Eldest |
| Late (સમય) | Later | Latest |
| Late (ક્રમ) | Latter | Last |
| Near | Nearer | Nearest / Next |
| Fore (અગાઉ) | Former | Foremost / First |
| In (અંદર) | Inner | Innermost |
| Out (બહાર) | Outer | Outermost |
| Up (ઉપર) | Upper | Uppermost |
૪. Comparison ના મહત્વના નિયમો (Important Rules)
Rule 1: ‘Than’ નો ઉપયોગ
Comparative Degree પછી ‘than’ આવવો જોઈએ.
- She is taller than her sister. ✓
- She is taller from her sister. ✗
Rule 2: ‘Than’ પછી Pronoun નો Case
‘Than’ પછી સામાન્ય રીતે Subjective Case (I, he, she, we, they) આવે છે.
- He is taller than I (am). (પરીક્ષા માટે)
- He is taller than me. (બોલચાલ – પણ પરીક્ષામાં ટાળો)
Rule 3: ‘Than any other’ vs ‘Than any’
જ્યારે તે જ સમૂહની અંદર તુલના કરવી હોય ત્યારે ‘any other’ વાપરો.
| સાચું | ખોટું |
|---|---|
| Ram is taller than any other boy in the class. | Ram is taller than any boy in the class. |
| Mumbai is bigger than any other city in Gujarat. | Mumbai is bigger than any city in Gujarat. (Mumbai Gujarat માં નથી) |
Rule 4: ‘As…as’ (Positive Degree)
સકારાત્મક (equal comparison) માટે as + Positive + as.
- She is as beautiful as her sister.
- He is as tall as his father.
Rule 5: ‘So…as’ (Negative Degree)
નકારાત્મક વાક્યમાં not so + Positive + as.
- He is not so tall as his brother. (not as…as પણ ચાલે, પણ ‘so…as’ વધુ સામાન્ય)
- She is not as clever as her friend.
Rule 6: Double Comparative (બે સાથે નહિ)
એક જ વાક્યમાં Comparative નો બે વાર ઉપયોગ ન થાય.
- More better (✗) → Better (✓)
- Most tallest (✗) → Tallest (✓)
- More taller (✗) → Taller (✓)
Rule 7: ‘The’ with Superlative
Superlative Degree પહેલાં ‘the‘ આવવો જ ફરજિયાત છે.
- The best book (✓)
- He is best student. (✗) → He is the best student.
અપવાદ: જ્યારે Superlative પછી Noun ન આવે અને તેનો ઉપયોગ ‘very’ જેવો થાય ત્યારે ‘the’ ન આવે.
- This is best. (✗ – બોલચાલમાં ચાલે, પણ પરીક્ષામાં ‘This is the best’ સાચું)
Rule 8: ‘One of the + Superlative + Plural Noun’
આ structure અતિ મહત્વનો છે.
- He is one of the best boys in the class. (boy → boys)
- Mumbai is one of the largest cities in India.
Rule 9: ‘The…the’ structure (Double Comparative)
બે Comparative ને જોડવા માટે ‘The…the’ નો ઉપયોગ થાય.
- The more you study, the better marks you get.
- The harder you work, the greater success you achieve.
- The sooner, the better.
Rule 10: Comparative for Two, Superlative for More than Two
- બે વસ્તુઓ/વ્યક્તિઓની તુલના → Comparative
- He is taller than the other two. (two between – comparative)
- She is the better of the two. (Superlative not used – ‘the best of the two’ is wrong)
- ત્રણ કે તેથી વધુની તુલના → Superlative
- He is the best of all.
Rule 11: ‘Less’ vs ‘Fewer’ (Decreasing Comparison)
- Less → Uncountable Nouns (water, money, sugar)
- This bottle contains less water than that.
- Fewer → Countable Nouns (books, students, apples)
- There are fewer students in this class than that.
Rule 12: ‘More’ vs ‘Most’ (Increasing Comparison)
- More → Comparative (more beautiful, more intelligent)
- Most → Superlative (most beautiful, most intelligent)
Rule 13: Adjectives જેની સરખામણી ન થઈ શકે (Absolute Adjectives)
નીચેના Adjectives કોઈ Degree માં ન વાપરો. તેમના અર્થ જ સંપૂર્ણ છે.
- Unique (more unique ✗, most unique ✗) → unique ✓
- Perfect → perfect (more perfect ✗)
- Complete → complete
- Universal → universal
- Excellent → excellent
- Empty → empty
- Full → full
- Impossible → impossible
- Immortal → immortal
- Dead / Alive → dead / alive
- Round → round (rounder ✗)
ઉદાહરણ:
- This is a unique painting. (✓)
- This is the most unique painting. (✗)
Rule 14: Two different qualities of same person
જ્યારે એક જ વ્યક્તિની બે અલગ-અલગ qualities ની સરખામણી કરવી હોય ત્યારે ‘more + Positive’ થાય.
- He is more clever than honest. (સાચું)
- He is cleverer than honest. (ખોટું – કારણ કે clever અને honest બે અલગ qualities છે)
Rule 15: ‘Preferable/Superior/Inferior/Junior/Senior’ – ‘to’ સાથે
આ શબ્દો ‘than’ સાથે નહિ, પણ ‘to’ સાથે આવે છે.
- This is preferable to that. (preferable than – ✗)
- He is superior to me. (superior than – ✗)
- She is junior to me.
- He is senior to me.
Rule 16: ‘Elder/Older’ અને ‘Eldest/Oldest’
| Elder / Eldest | Older / Oldest | |
|---|---|---|
| Use | Only for family members | For people and things |
| ‘Than’ સાથે | Elder than – ✗ | Older than – ✓ |
| Example | My elder brother (mama/bhai) | He is older than me. |
| She is my eldest daughter. | This is the oldest building. |
Rule 17: ‘Further’ vs ‘Farther’
| Farther | Further | |
|---|---|---|
| Meaning | Physical distance | Abstract / Additional |
| Example | My house is farther than yours. | I need further information. |
| He ran farther than me. | We will discuss further. |
Rule 18: ‘Later/Latest’ vs ‘Latter/Last’
| Later / Latest | Latter / Last | |
|---|---|---|
| Meaning | Time (સમય) | Order (ક્રમ) |
| Example | Come later. | The latter half of the book. |
| Latest news. | The last chapter. |
૫. Transformation of Degrees (એક Degree થી બીજા Degree માં ફેરફાર)
આ પરીક્ષામાં વારંવાર પૂછાય છે. ત્રણેય Degrees એકબીજામાં રૂપાંતર કરી શકાય છે.
Rule: Superlative → Comparative → Positive
ઉદાહરણ 1:
- Superlative: Ram is the tallest boy in the class.
- Comparative: Ram is taller than any other boy in the class.
- Positive: No other boy in the class is as tall as Ram.
ઉદાહરણ 2:
- Superlative: Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world.
- Comparative: Mt. Everest is higher than any other peak in the world.
- Positive: No other peak in the world is as high as Mt. Everest.
ઉદાહરણ 3 (Negative Sentence માટે):
- Superlative: He is the worst boy in the class.
- Comparative: He is worse than any other boy in the class.
- Positive: No other boy in the class is as bad as he.
Transformation Formula:
| From | To | Formula |
|---|---|---|
| Superlative | Comparative | Subject + Verb + Comparative + than any other + Rest |
| Superlative | Positive | No other + Rest + Verb + as + Positive + as + Subject |
| Comparative | Positive | Subject + Verb + not so/as + Positive + as + Object (for negative comparison) |
વધારે ઉદાહરણો:
| Superlative | Comparative | Positive |
|---|---|---|
| Gold is the most precious metal. | Gold is more precious than any other metal. | No other metal is as precious as gold. |
| She is the best student. | She is better than any other student. | No other student is as good as she. |
| He is the cleverest boy. | He is cleverer than any other boy. | No other boy is as clever as he. |
૬. ‘Than’ ના સ્થાને વપરાતા શબ્દો
| Word | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| to | Superior, inferior, junior, senior, preferable, prior | He is superior to me. |
| from | Different | This is different from that. |
| of | Fond, afraid, proud, tired | She is fond of music. |
૭. સામાન્ય ભૂલો (Common Errors) – પરીક્ષા માટે અતિ મહત્વ
| ખોટું | સાચું | નિયમ |
|---|---|---|
| He is more taller than me. | He is taller than me. | Double comparative |
| This is the best of the two. | This is the better of the two. | Two માટે Comparative |
| She is more clever than her sister. | She is cleverer than her sister. (or ‘more clever’ – acceptable) | Both are fine, but ‘cleverer’ is better |
| He is elder than me. | He is older than me. | Elder than – ✗ |
| She is my older sister. | She is my elder sister. | Older sister – ✗ (family) |
| This is more unique. | This is unique. | Absolute adjective |
| He is one of the best boy. | He is one of the best boys. | Plural noun |
| Ram is taller than any boy. | Ram is taller than any other boy. | Any other |
| She is not as tall as her sister. (in negative) | She is not so tall as her sister. | ‘so…as’ preferred in negative |
| He is superior than me. | He is superior to me. | Superior + to |
| This is preferable than that. | This is preferable to that. | Preferable + to |
૮. ભૂતકાળના પરીક્ષા પ્રશ્નો (Past Exam Questions)
Type 1: Fill in the blank (Superlative)
પ્રશ્ન: This is the ______ book I have ever read.
- (A) good (B) better (C) best (D) more good
જવાબ: (C) best
(GSSSB Talati, 2016)
Type 2: Fill in the blank (Comparative)
પ્રશ્ન: She is ______ than her sister.
- (A) tall (B) taller (C) tallest (D) more tall
જવાબ: (B) taller
(Gujarat Police Constable, 2018)
Type 3: Less vs Fewer
પ્રશ્ન: There are ______ students in this class than that.
- (A) less (B) fewer (C) lesser (D) few
જવાબ: (B) fewer
(TET-1, 2019)
Type 4: Elder vs Older
પ્રશ્ન: My ______ brother is an engineer.
- (A) older (B) elder (C) oldest (D) eldest
જવાબ: (B) elder
(Bin Sachivalay Clerk, 2017)
Type 5: As…as / So…as
પ્રશ્ન: He is not ______ tall as his father.
- (A) as (B) so (C) more (D) very
જવાબ: (B) so
(GPSC Class 3, 2015)
Type 6: Transformation (Superlative to Comparative)
પ્રશ્ન: Mumbai is the largest city in Gujarat. (Change into Comparative)
- (A) Mumbai is larger than any city in Gujarat.
- (B) Mumbai is larger than any other city in Gujarat.
- (C) Mumbai is more larger than any city.
- (D) Mumbai is largest than any city.
જવાબ: (B) Mumbai is larger than any other city in Gujarat.
(Gujarat High Court Clerk, 2020)
Type 7: One of the + Superlative
પ્રશ્ન: He is one of the ______ boys in the school.
- (A) good (B) better (C) best (D) more good
જવાબ: (C) best
(TAT Secondary, 2017)
Type 8: Double Comparative (The…the)
પ્રશ્ન: ______ you practice, ______ you become.
- (A) More, better (B) The more, the better (C) Much, good (D) Many, best
જવાબ: (B) The more, the better
(PSI Exam, 2019)
Type 9: Absolute Adjective
પ્રશ્ન: Which sentence is correct?
- (A) This is the most unique painting. (B) This is a unique painting. (C) This is more unique. (D) This is uniquest.
જવાબ: (B) This is a unique painting.
(Gujarat Panchayat Service, 2016)
Type 10: Superior to
પ્રશ્ન: This mobile is superior ______ that one.
- (A) than (B) from (C) to (D) then
જવાબ: (C) to
(Talati cum Mantri, 2018)
Type 11: Later vs Latter
પ્રશ્ન: The ______ half of the book is interesting.
- (A) later (B) latter (C) latest (D) last
જવાબ: (B) latter
(GSSSB Clerk, 2014)
Type 12: Further vs Farther
પ્રશ્ન: I need ______ details about this matter.
- (A) farther (B) further (C) farthest (D) furthest
જવાબ: (B) further
(Gujarat Constable, 2015)
Type 13: Error Spotting (Double Comparative)
પ્રશ્ન: She is (A)/ more taller than (B)/ her friend. (C)/ No error (D)
જવાબ: (B) more taller → taller
(Bin Sachivalay, 2019)
Type 14: Error Spotting (One of the)
પ્રશ્ન: He is one of the best (A)/ student (B)/ in the class (C)/ No error (D)
જવાબ: (B) student → students
(GPSC Class 1-2, 2017)
Type 15: Comparative of Two
પ્રશ્ન: She is ______ of the two sisters.
- (A) the best (B) best (C) the better (D) better
જવાબ: (C) the better
(TET-2, 2018)
૯. પરીક્ષા ઉપયોગી ટીપ્સ (Exam Tips)
- Comparative = ‘than’ / Superlative = ‘the’ – યાદ રાખો.
- Two માટે Comparative, Three+ માટે Superlative.
- Any other vs Any – સમૂહની અંદર તુલના હોય તો ‘any other’.
- As…as (positive) / So…as (negative).
- Elder/Eldest → Family / Older/Oldest → People & Things.
- Less (Uncountable) / Fewer (Countable).
- Farther (Distance) / Further (Additional).
- Later (Time) / Latter (Order) / Latest (Most recent) / Last (Final).
- Unique/Perfect/Complete – no comparison.
- Superior/Inferior/Junior/Senior/Preferable → to.
- One of the + Superlative + Plural Noun.
- The more…, the more… structure યાદ રાખો.
- More better / More taller – ક્યારેય નહિ.
- ‘Than I’ (subjective) is exam standard, ‘than me’ is colloquial.
- No other…as…as (Positive) થી Superlative બનાવતા આવડવું જોઈએ.
૧૦. Quick Revision Table (ઝડપી પુનરાવર્તન)
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | Special Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| good | better | best | Irregular |
| bad | worse | worst | Irregular |
| much/many | more | most | Irregular |
| little | less | least | Quantity |
| far (distance) | farther | farthest | Physical |
| far (abstract) | further | furthest | Additional |
| old (general) | older | oldest | People/Things |
| old (family) | elder | eldest | Family only |
| late (time) | later | latest | Time |
| late (order) | latter | last | Order/Sequence |
| tall | taller | tallest | Regular |
| beautiful | more beautiful | most beautiful | 3+ syllables |
૧૧. Transformation Practice (Degree Change)
| Sentence 1 (Original) | Sentence 2 (Transformed) |
|---|---|
| Ram is the tallest boy. | No other boy is as tall as Ram. |
| No other metal is as useful as iron. | Iron is the most useful metal. |
| He is better than any other student. | He is the best student. |
| Mumbai is larger than any other city in Gujarat. | Mumbai is the largest city in Gujarat. |
| No other girl is as beautiful as Sita. | Sita is the most beautiful girl. |
| This book is more interesting than any other book. | This book is the most interesting book. |
| She is not as tall as her sister. | Her sister is taller than she. |
૧૨. અભ્યાસ માટે 50 ટેસ્ટ પ્રશ્નો (Self-Assessment)
Part A: Fill in the blanks with correct degree
- This is the ______ (good) movie I have ever seen.
- He is ______ (tall) than his brother.
- She is ______ (intelligent) than her cousin.
- Prevention is ______ (good) than cure.
- Mount Everest is the ______ (high) peak.
- No other student is as ______ (brilliant) as Raj.
- Iron is ______ (useful) than any other metal.
- This is the ______ (little) expensive of all.
- He is ______ (old) than me by two years.
- My ______ (old) sister is a teacher.
Part B: Choose the correct option
- I have ______ (less/fewer) friends than you.
- There is ______ (less/fewer) water in the glass.
- She is ______ (elder/older) than her husband.
- He is my ______ (elder/older) brother.
- He is ______ (the best/best) player in the team.
- She is ______ (taller/tallest) than her mother.
- This is a ______ (unique/most unique) design.
- ______ (The more/More) you eat, ______ (the fatter/fatter) you become.
- He is one of the ______ (best/better) students.
- She is ______ (the better/the best) of the two.
Part C: Transformation of Degrees
- Change to Comparative: No other city is as rich as Mumbai. → ____________________
- Change to Superlative: He is taller than any other boy. → ____________________
- Change to Positive: Ram is the strongest boy. → ____________________
- Change to Comparative: Gold is the most precious metal. → ____________________
- Change to Positive: She is better than any other student. → ____________________
Part D: Error Spotting (Correct/Incorrect)
- He is more taller than me. (Correct/Incorrect)
- She is the best of the two. (Correct/Incorrect)
- This is a most beautiful picture. (Correct/Incorrect)
- He is superior than me. (Correct/Incorrect)
- She is my older sister. (Correct/Incorrect)
- He is elder than me. (Correct/Incorrect)
- This is more unique. (Correct/Incorrect)
- He is one of the best boy. (Correct/Incorrect)
- The more you read, the more you learn. (Correct/Incorrect)
- She is not so tall as her sister. (Correct/Incorrect)
Part E: Fill in the blanks with appropriate word (Further/Farther/Later/Latter/Latest/Last)
- I need ______ information about this.
- My house is ______ than yours.
- Come ______; I am busy now.
- The ______ half of the film is boring.
- This is the ______ news.
- This is the ______ chapter of the book.
Part F: Complete the sentences using appropriate degree
- Ram is ______ (good) than Shyam.
- This is the ______ (bad) day of my life.
- She is ______ (pretty) than her cousin.
- He is ______ (intelligent) boy in the class.
- No other student is as ______ (hardworking) as Meera.
- This is the ______ (little) amount I can accept.
- He is ______ (clever) than honest.
- She is ______ (old) than her husband by 5 years.
- This is the ______ (big) building in the city.
જવાબો:
1 best, 2 taller, 3 more intelligent, 4 better, 5 highest, 6 brilliant, 7 more useful, 8 least, 9 older, 10 elder, 11 fewer, 12 less, 13 older, 14 elder, 15 the best, 16 taller, 17 unique, 18 The more – the fatter, 19 best, 20 the better, 21 Mumbai is richer than any other city, 22 He is the tallest boy, 23 No other boy is as strong as Ram, 24 Gold is more precious than any other metal, 25 No other student is as good as she, 26 Incorrect (taller), 27 Incorrect (the better of the two), 28 Incorrect (a beautiful picture), 29 Incorrect (superior to), 30 Incorrect (elder sister), 31 Incorrect (older than me), 32 Incorrect (unique), 33 Incorrect (boys), 34 Correct, 35 Correct, 36 further, 37 farther, 38 later, 39 latter, 40 latest, 41 last, 42 better, 43 worst, 44 prettier, 45 the most intelligent, 46 hardworking, 47 least, 48 more clever (or cleverer), 49 older, 50 biggest