૧. પરિચય (Introduction)
Degree of Comparison એ Adjective ના ત્રણ સ્વરૂપો છે:
- Positive Degree (સામાન્ય)
- Comparative Degree (તુલનાત્મક)
- Superlative Degree (અતિશયોક્તિ)
મહત્વની વાત: એક જ વાક્યને ત્રણેય ડિગ્રીમાં ફેરવી શકાય છે. આ કૌશલ્ય પરીક્ષામાં ખૂબ કામ આવે છે.
૨. ત્રણેય ડિગ્રી વચ્ચેનો સંબંધ (Relationship between Degrees)
| Degree | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive | No other + Subject + Verb + as + Positive Adjective + as + Subject | No other boy is as tall as Ram. |
| Comparative | Subject + Verb + Comparative Adjective + than any other + Noun | Ram is taller than any other boy. |
| Superlative | Subject + Verb + the + Superlative Adjective + Noun | Ram is the tallest boy. |
૩. Superlative થી Comparative અને Positive માં રૂપાંતર (Superlative to Comparative to Positive)
Rule 1: Superlative → Comparative
સૂત્ર: Subject + Verb + Comparative Adjective + than any other + Rest of the sentence
ઉદાહરણો:
| Superlative | Comparative |
|---|---|
| Ram is the tallest boy in the class. | Ram is taller than any other boy in the class. |
| Mumbai is the largest city in Gujarat. | Mumbai is larger than any other city in Gujarat. |
| Gold is the most precious metal. | Gold is more precious than any other metal. |
| She is the best student. | She is better than any other student. |
| He is the cleverest boy. | He is cleverer than any other boy. |
| This is the most beautiful flower. | This is more beautiful than any other flower. |
Rule 2: Superlative → Positive
સૂત્ર: No other + Rest of the sentence (without Subject) + Verb + as + Positive Adjective + as + Subject
ઉદાહરણો:
| Superlative | Positive |
|---|---|
| Ram is the tallest boy in the class. | No other boy in the class is as tall as Ram. |
| Mumbai is the largest city in Gujarat. | No other city in Gujarat is as large as Mumbai. |
| Gold is the most precious metal. | No other metal is as precious as gold. |
| She is the best student. | No other student is as good as she. |
| He is the cleverest boy. | No other boy is as clever as he. |
૪. Comparative થી Superlative અને Positive માં રૂપાંતર (Comparative to Superlative to Positive)
Rule 3: Comparative → Superlative
સૂત્ર: Subject + Verb + the + Superlative + (Noun) + Rest
| Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|
| Ram is taller than any other boy in the class. | Ram is the tallest boy in the class. |
| Mumbai is larger than any other city in Gujarat. | Mumbai is the largest city in Gujarat. |
| Gold is more precious than any other metal. | Gold is the most precious metal. |
| She is better than any other student. | She is the best student. |
Rule 4: Comparative → Positive
સૂત્ર: No other + Object of Comparative sentence (without Subject) + Verb + as + Positive + as + Subject
| Comparative | Positive |
|---|---|
| Ram is taller than any other boy. | No other boy is as tall as Ram. |
| This book is better than any other book. | No other book is as good as this. |
૫. Positive થી Comparative અને Superlative માં રૂપાંતર (Positive to Comparative to Superlative)
Rule 5: Positive → Comparative
સૂત્ર: Subject + Verb + Comparative Adjective + than any other + Rest
| Positive | Comparative |
|---|---|
| No other boy is as tall as Ram. | Ram is taller than any other boy. |
| No other city is as large as Mumbai. | Mumbai is larger than any other city. |
| No other metal is as precious as gold. | Gold is more precious than any other metal. |
Rule 6: Positive → Superlative
સૂત્ર: Subject + Verb + the + Superlative + (Noun) + Rest
| Positive | Superlative |
|---|---|
| No other boy is as tall as Ram. | Ram is the tallest boy. |
| No other city is as large as Mumbai. | Mumbai is the largest city. |
| No other metal is as precious as gold. | Gold is the most precious metal. |
૬. ‘Not so…as’ (Negative Positive) વાળા વાક્યોનું રૂપાંતર
જ્યારે Positive Degree માં ‘not so…as’ હોય ત્યારે રૂપાંતર અલગ રીતે થાય છે.
Rule 7: Not so…as → Comparative (નકારાત્મક તુલના)
| Positive (Negative) | Comparative |
|---|---|
| She is not so tall as her sister. | Her sister is taller than she. |
| He is not so clever as his brother. | His brother is cleverer than he. |
| This book is not so good as that. | That book is better than this. |
| Mumbai is not so large as Delhi. | Delhi is larger than Mumbai. |
Rule 8: Not so…as → Superlative (રૂપાંતર મુશ્કેલ, પણ શક્ય)
| Positive (Negative) | Superlative |
|---|---|
| She is not so tall as her sister. | Her sister is the taller of the two. (two માટે) |
| He is not so clever as his brother. | His brother is the cleverer of the two. |
૭. ‘Any other’ ને બદલે ‘Any’ ક્યારે? (Special Cases)
જ્યારે સરખામણી જુદા જુદા સમૂહ વચ્ચે કરવામાં આવે ત્યારે ‘any other’ નહિ પણ ‘any’ આવે છે.
| સાચું (Same Group) | સાચું (Different Group) |
|---|---|
| Ram is taller than any other boy in the class. (Ram પણ તે જ class માં) | Ram is taller than any boy in the school. (Ram school માં છે, બીજા classમાં હોઈ શકે) |
| Mumbai is larger than any other city in Gujarat. | Mumbai is larger than any city in India. |
નોંધ: જ્યારે ‘any’ વાપરો ત્યારે પછી ‘other’ ન આવે.
૮. ‘One of the + Superlative’ વાળા વાક્યોનું રૂપાંતર
Rule 9: One of the + Superlative → Comparative → Positive
| Superlative | Comparative | Positive |
|---|---|---|
| He is one of the best boys. | He is better than many other boys. | Very few boys are as good as he. |
| Mumbai is one of the largest cities. | Mumbai is larger than many other cities. | Very few cities are as large as Mumbai. |
| This is one of the most beautiful flowers. | This is more beautiful than many other flowers. | Very few flowers are as beautiful as this. |
સૂત્રો:
- Superlative: Subject + is/am/are + one of the + Superlative + Plural Noun
- Comparative: Subject + is/am/are + Comparative + than many other + Plural Noun
- Positive: Very few + Plural Noun + are + as + Positive + as + Subject
૯. ‘No other’ વાળા Positive વાક્યોનું રૂપાંતર (Already covered above)
ઝડપી નિયમો:
- No other + Noun + Verb + as + Positive + as + Subject → Superlative → Subject + Verb + the + Superlative + Noun
- No other + Noun + Verb + as + Positive + as + Subject → Comparative → Subject + Verb + Comparative + than any other + Noun
૧૦. ‘The more…the more’ structure (Double Comparative)
આ રૂપાંતરનો ભાગ નથી, પણ તુલનાનો એક મહત્વનો પ્રકાર છે.
| Structure | Example |
|---|---|
| The + Comparative + Subject + Verb, the + Comparative + Subject + Verb | The more you study, the better marks you get. |
| The harder you work, the greater success you achieve. | |
| The sooner, the better. |
૧૧. ‘Than any other’ vs ‘Than all other’
| Than any other | Than all other | |
|---|---|---|
| Meaning | કોઈ પણ બીજા કરતાં | બધા બીજા કરતાં |
| Usage | More common | Less common |
| Example | He is taller than any other boy. | He is taller than all other boys. |
નોંધ: ‘Than any other’ વધુ પ્રચલિત અને પરીક્ષા માટે વધુ સલામત છે.
૧૨. ‘Not less…than’ vs ‘Not so…as’ (એક ખાસ તફાવત)
| Structure | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Not less…than | વધુ કે બરાબર (may be more) | He is not less clever than his brother. (બરાબર કે વધુ) |
| Not so…as | ઓછું (less than) | He is not so clever as his brother. (ઓછું) |
પરીક્ષા માટે: ‘Not so…as’ નો ઉપયોગ ‘less than’ ના અર્થમાં થાય છે.
૧૩. ભૂતકાળના પરીક્ષા પ્રશ્નો (Past Exam Questions) – Transformation Based
Type 1: Superlative to Comparative
પ્રશ્ન: Mumbai is the largest city in Gujarat. (Change into Comparative)
- (A) Mumbai is larger than any city in Gujarat.
- (B) Mumbai is larger than any other city in Gujarat.
- (C) Mumbai is more larger than any city.
- (D) Mumbai is largest than any city.
જવાબ: (B) Mumbai is larger than any other city in Gujarat.
(GPSC Class 3, 2015)
Type 2: Comparative to Superlative
પ્રશ્ન: He is taller than any other boy in the class. (Change into Superlative)
- (A) He is the taller boy in the class.
- (B) He is tallest boy in the class.
- (C) He is the tallest boy in the class.
- (D) He is more tallest boy.
જવાબ: (C) He is the tallest boy in the class.
(Gujarat High Court Clerk, 2020)
Type 3: Positive to Superlative
પ્રશ્ન: No other metal is as useful as iron. (Change into Superlative)
- (A) Iron is the most useful metal.
- (B) Iron is more useful than any metal.
- (C) Iron is useful metal.
- (D) Iron is most useful metal.
જવાબ: (A) Iron is the most useful metal.
(TAT Secondary, 2017)
Type 4: Superlative to Positive
પ્રશ્ન: She is the best student in the class. (Change into Positive)
- (A) No other student is as good as she in the class.
- (B) No other student is as better as she.
- (C) No other student is good as she.
- (D) She is better than any student.
જવાબ: (A) No other student is as good as she in the class.
(PSI Exam, 2019)
Type 5: One of the + Superlative to Positive
પ્રશ્ન: He is one of the best boys in the school. (Change into Positive)
- (A) Very few boys are as good as he in the school.
- (B) No other boy is as good as he.
- (C) He is better than many boys.
- (D) He is the best boy.
જવાબ: (A) Very few boys are as good as he in the school.
(Gujarat Panchayat Service, 2016)
Type 6: Not so…as to Comparative
પ્રશ્ન: She is not so tall as her sister. (Change into Comparative)
- (A) Her sister is taller than she.
- (B) Her sister is tallest than she.
- (C) Her sister is more tall than she.
- (D) Her sister is as tall as she.
જવાબ: (A) Her sister is taller than she.
(Talati cum Mantri, 2018)
Type 7: Comparative (with ‘any other’) to Positive
પ્રશ્ન: Ram is taller than any other boy in the class. (Change into Positive)
- (A) No other boy in the class is as tall as Ram.
- (B) Ram is the tallest boy.
- (C) Ram is taller than all boys.
- (D) No boy is as tall as Ram.
જવાબ: (A) No other boy in the class is as tall as Ram.
(GSSSB Clerk, 2014)
Type 8: Error Spotting in Transformation
પ્રશ્ન: No other city (A)/ is as bigger as (B)/ Mumbai in Gujarat. (C)/ No error (D)
જવાબ: (B) is as bigger as → as big as (Positive degree માં as + Positive + as)
(Bin Sachivalay, 2019)
૧૪. Transformation ના તમામ નિયમોનો સારાંશ (Summary Table)
| Original Degree | Target Degree | Formula |
|---|---|---|
| Superlative | Comparative | Subject + Verb + Comparative + than any other + Rest |
| Superlative | Positive | No other + Rest + Verb + as + Positive + as + Subject |
| Comparative | Superlative | Subject + Verb + the + Superlative + (Noun) + Rest |
| Comparative | Positive | No other + Object + Verb + as + Positive + as + Subject |
| Positive | Comparative | Subject + Verb + Comparative + than any other + Rest |
| Positive | Superlative | Subject + Verb + the + Superlative + (Noun) + Rest |
| Not so…as (Positive) | Comparative | Object of ‘than’ + Verb + Comparative + than + Subject |
| One of the + Superlative | Positive | Very few + Plural Noun + are as + Positive + as + Subject |
૧૫. વધારાના ઉદાહરણો (Additional Examples for Practice)
| Original Sentence | Transformed Sentence |
|---|---|
| He is the fastest runner. (Superlative) | (Comparative) He is faster than any other runner. |
| (Positive) No other runner is as fast as he. | |
| No other girl is as beautiful as Sita. (Positive) | (Comparative) Sita is more beautiful than any other girl. |
| (Superlative) Sita is the most beautiful girl. | |
| This book is better than any other book. (Comparative) | (Superlative) This book is the best book. |
| (Positive) No other book is as good as this. | |
| Very few cities are as large as Ahmedabad. (Positive) | (Comparative) Ahmedabad is larger than many other cities. |
| (Superlative) Ahmedabad is one of the largest cities. | |
| He is not as clever as his brother. (Positive – Negative) | (Comparative) His brother is cleverer than he. |
| Iron is more useful than any other metal. (Comparative) | (Superlative) Iron is the most useful metal. |
| (Positive) No other metal is as useful as iron. |
૧૬. સામાન્ય ભૂલો (Common Errors in Transformation)
| ખોટું રૂપાંતર | સાચું રૂપાંતર | નિયમ |
|---|---|---|
| Ram is taller than any boy. (without ‘other’) | Ram is taller than any other boy. | Same group → any other |
| No other student is as better as Ram. | No other student is as good as Ram. | Positive degree = as + Positive |
| She is the better of all. | She is the best of all. | 3+ → Superlative |
| He is more clever than honest. | He is more clever than honest. (આ સાચું છે – two qualities) | No error |
| Iron is more useful than any metal. | Iron is more useful than any other metal. | Same group → any other |
| Very few city is as large as Mumbai. | Very few cities are as large as Mumbai. | Plural noun |
૧૭. પરીક્ષા ઉપયોગી ટીપ્સ (Exam Tips)
- ‘Any other’ ભૂલશો નહીં – જ્યારે તે જ સમૂહની અંદર સરખામણી હોય ત્યારે.
- Positive degree માં ‘as + Positive + as’ (as tall as, as good as) – ‘as better as’ ક્યારેય નહિ.
- Superlative પહેલાં ‘the’ – ‘the best’ (best નહિ)
- Comparative પછી ‘than’ – ‘taller than’ (taller from નહિ)
- ‘One of the’ પછી Plural Noun – ‘one of the best boys’ (boy નહિ)
- ‘Very few’ પછી Plural Noun + Plural Verb (are) – ‘Very few boys are…’
- ‘No other’ પછી Singular Noun + Singular Verb – ‘No other boy is…’
- ‘Not so…as’ નું રૂપાંતર કરતી વખતે ‘than’ નો ઉપયોગ કરો.
- Double Comparative (‘more better’) ક્યારેય ન કરો.
- Two qualities of same person માટે ‘more clever than honest’ સાચું છે.
૧૮. અભ્યાસ માટે 40 ટેસ્ટ પ્રશ્નો (Self-Assessment)
Part A: Superlative to Comparative & Positive
- Convert to Comparative: Ram is the tallest boy in the class. → ____________________
- Convert to Positive: Mumbai is the largest city in Gujarat. → ____________________
- Convert to Comparative: Gold is the most precious metal. → ____________________
- Convert to Positive: She is the best student. → ____________________
- Convert to Comparative: This is the most beautiful flower. → ____________________
Part B: Comparative to Superlative & Positive
- Convert to Superlative: Ram is taller than any other boy. → ____________________
- Convert to Positive: Mumbai is larger than any other city. → ____________________
- Convert to Superlative: He is better than any other player. → ____________________
- Convert to Positive: Iron is more useful than any other metal. → ____________________
- Convert to Superlative: This book is more interesting than any other book. → ____________________
Part C: Positive to Comparative & Superlative
- Convert to Comparative: No other boy is as tall as Ram. → ____________________
- Convert to Superlative: No other city is as large as Mumbai. → ____________________
- Convert to Comparative: No other metal is as useful as iron. → ____________________
- Convert to Superlative: No other student is as good as Sita. → ____________________
- Convert to Comparative: Very few boys are as good as Ram. → ____________________
Part D: Not so…as to Comparative
- She is not so tall as her sister. → ____________________
- He is not so clever as his brother. → ____________________
- This book is not so good as that. → ____________________
- Mumbai is not so large as Delhi. → ____________________
- Rohan is not so fast as Sohan. → ____________________
Part E: One of the + Superlative to Positive
- He is one of the best boys in the class. → ____________________
- Mumbai is one of the largest cities in India. → ____________________
- This is one of the most difficult tasks. → ____________________
- She is one of the most intelligent students. → ____________________
- Gold is one of the most precious metals. → ____________________
Part F: Multiple Choice Questions
- Which transformation is correct? No other boy is as strong as Ram. → Superlative
- (A) Ram is strongest boy. (B) Ram is the strongest boy. (C) Ram is more stronger. (D) Ram is strong boy.
- He is taller than any other boy. → Positive
- (A) No other boy is as taller as he. (B) No other boy is as tall as he. (C) No boy is as tall as he. (D) He is tall boy.
- She is the best singer. → Comparative
- (A) She is better than any singer. (B) She is better than any other singer. (C) She is more better than any singer. (D) She is best than any singer.
- Very few students are as honest as Meera. → Superlative
- (A) Meera is one of the honest students. (B) Meera is one of the most honest students. (C) Meera is the most honest student. (D) Meera is more honest.
- Iron is more useful than any other metal. → Positive
- (A) No other metal is as useful as iron. (B) No metal is as useful as iron. (C) Iron is useful metal. (D) Iron is as useful as any metal.
Part G: Correct the following transformations (Error Spotting)
- Ram is taller than any boy in the class. (Correct/Incorrect)
- No other student is as better as Sita. (Correct/Incorrect)
- She is the best of the two. (Correct/Incorrect)
- He is more clever than honest. (Correct/Incorrect)
- Very few city is as large as Ahmedabad. (Correct/Incorrect)
- He is one of the best student. (Correct/Incorrect)
- This is the most unique painting. (Correct/Incorrect)
- She is not so tall as her sister. (Correct/Incorrect)
- Mumbai is larger than any other city in Gujarat. (Correct/Incorrect)
- He is the tallest of all. (Correct/Incorrect)
જવાબો:
1 Ram is taller than any other boy in the class.
2 No other city in Gujarat is as large as Mumbai.
3 Gold is more precious than any other metal.
4 No other student is as good as she.
5 This is more beautiful than any other flower.
6 Ram is the tallest boy.
7 No other city is as large as Mumbai.
8 He is the best player.
9 No other metal is as useful as iron.
10 This book is the most interesting book.
11 Ram is taller than any other boy.
12 Mumbai is the largest city.
13 Iron is more useful than any other metal.
14 Sita is the best student.
15 Ram is better than many other boys.
16 Her sister is taller than she.
17 His brother is cleverer than he.
18 That book is better than this.
19 Delhi is larger than Mumbai.
20 Sohan is faster than Rohan.
21 Very few boys in the class are as good as he.
22 Very few cities in India are as large as Mumbai.
23 Very few tasks are as difficult as this.
24 Very few students are as intelligent as she.
25 Very few metals are as precious as gold.
26 B, 27 B, 28 B, 29 B, 30 A,
31 Incorrect (any other boy), 32 Incorrect (as good as), 33 Incorrect (the better of the two), 34 Correct, 35 Incorrect (Very few cities are), 36 Incorrect (students), 37 Incorrect (unique), 38 Correct, 39 Correct, 40 Correct