૧. વ્યાખ્યા (Definition)
Conjunction એ શબ્દ છે જે બે શબ્દો, બે વાક્યાંશો (clauses) અથવા બે વાક્યોને જોડે છે. તે વાક્યને વધુ સમજી શકાય તેવું અને પ્રવાહી બનાવે છે.
ઉદાહરણ:
- Ram and Shyam are friends. (બે શબ્દો જોડ્યા)
- He is poor but honest. (બે વાક્યાંશો જોડ્યા)
- I will stay because it is raining. (બે વાક્યો જોડ્યા)
૨. Conjunction ના પ્રકારો (Types of Conjunction)
સ્પર્ધાત્મક પરીક્ષા માટે નીચેના 3 મુખ્ય પ્રકારો અને તેના ઉપપ્રકારો ખૂબ મહત્વના છે.
| પ્રકાર | વ્યાખ્યા | ઉદાહરણ |
|---|---|---|
| Coordinating Conjunction | સમાન દરજ્જાના શબ્દો/વાક્યાંશોને જોડે | For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS) |
| Subordinating Conjunction | મુખ્ય વાક્ય સાથે ગૌણ વાક્યને જોડે | Because, Although, If, When, While, Since, Unless, Until, As, Though, Wherever, Whenever |
| Correlative Conjunction | જોડીના સ્વરૂપમાં આવે, બે શબ્દો/વાક્યાંશોને જોડે | Either…or, Neither…nor, Both…and, Not only…but also, Though…yet, Whether…or |
૩. Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) – અતિ મહત્વ
| Conjunction | Meaning / Use | ઉદાહરણ |
|---|---|---|
| F = For | Because (કારણ) | He is happy, for he has won the prize. |
| A = And | સાથે/વધારામાં | Ram and Shyam went to school. |
| N = Nor | નકારાત્મક વિકલ્પ | He does not drink, nor does he smoke. |
| B = But | વિરોધાભાસ (however) | She is poor but honest. |
| O = Or | વિકલ્પ (choice) | Tea or coffee? |
| Y = Yet | છતાં/તોપણ | He worked hard, yet he failed. |
| S = So | પરિણામ (therefore) | It was raining, so we stayed home. |
નોંધ: FANBOYS એ યાદ રાખવાની સરળ ટ્રીક છે.
૪. Subordinating Conjunctions (ગૌણ સંયોજકો)
આ Conjunction ગૌણ વાક્ય (Subordinate Clause) ને મુખ્ય વાક્ય (Main Clause) સાથે જોડે છે.
| Conjunction | Use | ઉદાહરણ |
|---|---|---|
| Because / Since / As | કારણ | He passed because he worked hard. |
| Although / Though / Even though | વિરોધાભાસ | Although he is rich, he is humble. |
| If / Unless / Provided that | શરત | If you work hard, you will succeed. |
| When / While / As | સમય | I was sleeping when you called. |
| Until / Till | સમયની મર્યાદા | Wait here until I return. |
| Before / After | ક્રમ | Wash your hands before you eat. |
| So that / In order that | ઉદ્દેશ્ય | He saved money so that he could buy a car. |
| Where / Wherever | સ્થળ | Sit where you like. |
| Than | સરખામણી | She is taller than her brother. |
| Whether | વિકલ્પ / શંકા | I don’t know whether he will come. |
| As if / As though | રીત/સ્વરૂપ | He talks as if he were a king. |
૫. Correlative Conjunctions (યુગ્મ સંયોજકો) – પરીક્ષાનો સૌથી મહત્વનો ભાગ
આ Conjunctions જોડીમાં વપરાય છે. Parallel Structure (સમાન બંધારણ) જાળવવું ફરજિયાત છે.
| Correlative Pair | Meaning | ઉદાહરણ (Parallel Structure) |
|---|---|---|
| Both…and | બંને | He is both intelligent and hardworking. |
| Either…or | આ અથવા તે (વિકલ્પ) | You can have either tea or coffee. |
| Neither…nor | આ નહિ અને તે નહિ | Neither Ram nor Shyam came. |
| Not only…but also | માત્ર આ જ નહિ પણ તે પણ | She is not only beautiful but also kind. |
| Whether…or | કે…અથવા | I don’t care whether you come or not. |
| No sooner…than | તરત જ (as soon as) | No sooner did he arrive than it started raining. |
| Hardly/Scarcely…when | ભાગ્યે જ…કે તરત જ | Hardly had I reached when he left. |
| Such…that | એટલો…કે | It was such a hot day that we stayed indoors. |
| So…that | એટલો…કે | He is so weak that he cannot walk. |
| As…as (Positive) | જેટલો…તેટલો | She is as tall as her mother. |
| So…as (Negative) | તેટલો…નહિ | He is not so tall as his brother. |
| The…the (Comparative) | જેટલો…તેટલો | The more you study, the better marks you get. |
૬. મહત્વના નિયમો (Important Rules) – પરીક્ષા માટે અતિ આવશ્યક
Rule 1: Neither…nor / Either…or / Not only…but also – Verb ની સંમતિ (Subject-Verb Agreement)
Verb છેલ્લા Subject (nor/or/but also પછીના) સાથે મેળ ખાય.
- Neither Ram nor his friends are coming. (friends → plural)
- Neither the friends nor Ram is coming. (Ram → singular)
- Either Sita or I am going. (I → am)
- Not only the teacher but also the students have left. (students → have)
Rule 2: No sooner…than (તરત જ) – Inversion
‘No sooner’ પછી Auxiliary + Subject (Inversion) થાય.
- No sooner had I reached the station than the train left. (સાચું)
- No sooner I had reached… (ખોટું)
Rule 3: Hardly/Scarcely…when – Inversion
- Hardly had I entered the room when the phone rang.
- Scarcely had he left when it started raining.
Rule 4: Lest – Should (નકારાત્મક અર્થ)
‘Lest’ નો અર્થ ‘જેથી નહિ’ (so that not). Lest પછી should + Verb આવે. ‘Not’ નો ઉપયોગ ન થાય (lest…not – ખોટું).
- Walk carefully lest you should fall. (સાચું)
- Walk carefully lest you fall. (બોલચાલમાં ચાલે, પરીક્ષામાં should પ્રાધાન્ય)
- Walk carefully lest you should not fall. (ખોટું)
Rule 5: Until vs Unless
- Until → સમય (Time) – Wait here until I come. (I come = time)
- Unless → શરત (Condition) – Unless you work, you will fail. (= If you do not work)
- નોંધ: Unless = If not (તેથી unless…not ખોટું)
- Unless you do not work (ખોટું) → Unless you work (સાચું)
Rule 6: As if / As though (માનો કે)
અવાસ્તવિક (unreal) સરખામણી માટે Past Subjunctive (were) આવે.
- He behaves as if he were the king. (was નહિ)
- She talks as though she knew everything.
Rule 7: Because vs So (એક સાથે નહિ)
‘Because’ કારણ બતાવે, ‘So’ પરિણામ બતાવે. બંને એક વાક્યમાં ન આવે.
- Because he was ill, he did not come. (સાચું)
- He was ill, so he did not come. (સાચું)
- Because he was ill, so he did not come. (ખોટું)
Rule 8: Although / Though / Even though – But/Yet સાથે
Although/Though પછી ‘but’ ન આવે, પણ ‘yet’ આવી શકે.
- Although he is rich, yet he is humble. (સાચું)
- Although he is rich, but he is humble. (ખોટું – but નહિ)
Rule 9: Such…that / So…that
- Such + Adjective + Noun + that – It was such a hot day that everyone stayed home.
- So + Adjective/Adverb + that – It was so hot that everyone stayed home.
Rule 10: Preposition vs Conjunction (Before/After/Since)
આ શબ્દો Preposition, Conjunction, Adverb તરીકે વપરાય છે.
| તરીકે | Before | After | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preposition (Noun/ Pronoun સાથે) | before me | after him | since morning |
| Conjunction (Clause સાથે) | before you go | after he came | since you left |
| Adverb (એકલો) | I have seen him before | He came after | I have been ill since |
૭. સામાન્ય ભૂલો (Common Errors) – પરીક્ષા માટે અતિ મહત્વ
| ખોટું | સાચું | નિયમ |
|---|---|---|
| No sooner I reached than he left. | No sooner had I reached than he left. | Inversion (had + subject) |
| Hardly I had reached when… | Hardly had I reached when… | Inversion |
| Neither Ram nor his friend are coming. | Neither Ram nor his friend is coming. | Verb = છેલ્લા subject (friend) |
| Either Sita or her sisters is going. | Either Sita or her sisters are going. | Verb = sisters (plural) |
| Unless you do not work, you will fail. | Unless you work, you will fail. | Unless = If not |
| Wait here unless I return. | Wait here until I return. | Unless = condition, until = time |
| He is so poor to buy a car. | He is too poor to buy a car. | So…that / Too…to |
| Because he was tired, so he slept. | Because he was tired, he slept. / He was tired, so he slept. | Because/so એકસાથે નહિ |
| Although he is rich, but he is kind. | Although he is rich, yet he is kind. | Although…yet |
| He runs fast so that he may win. | He runs fast so that he may win. | સાચું છે, ‘so that’ = ઉદ્દેશ્ય |
| He is as tall as me. | He is as tall as I (am). | Than/As પછી Subjective |
| She is taller than me. | She is taller than I (am). | Than પછી Subjective |
૮. ભૂતકાળના પરીક્ષા પ્રશ્નો (Past Exam Questions)
Type 1: Coordinating Conjunction (FANBOYS)
પ્રશ્ન: He worked hard, ______ he failed.
- (A) and (B) but (C) so (D) for
જવાબ: (B) but (વિરોધાભાસ)
(GSSSB Talati, 2016)
Type 2: Subordinating Conjunction (Because)
પ્રશ્ન: He stayed at home ______ it was raining.
- (A) but (B) so (C) because (D) or
જવાબ: (C) because
(Gujarat Police Constable, 2018)
Type 3: Correlative Conjunction (Neither…nor)
પ્રશ્ન: ______ Ram ______ Shyam attended the party.
- (A) Either…or (B) Both…and (C) Neither…nor (D) Not only…but also
જવાબ: (C) Neither…nor (નકારાત્મક)
(TET-1, 2019)
Type 4: Either…or with Verb Agreement
પ્રશ્ન: Either you or he ______ to blame.
- (A) is (B) are (C) am (D) were
જવાબ: (A) is (he → is)
(Bin Sachivalay Clerk, 2017)
Type 5: No sooner…than (Inversion)
પ્રશ્ન: No sooner ______ the door than the phone rang.
- (A) he opened (B) did he open (C) had he opened (D) he had opened
જવાબ: (C) had he opened
(GPSC Class 3, 2015)
Type 6: Lest…should
પ્રશ્ન: Walk carefully ______ you should fall.
- (A) so that (B) lest (C) unless (D) until
જવાબ: (B) lest
(Gujarat High Court Clerk, 2020)
Type 7: Unless vs Until
પ્રશ્ન: You cannot succeed ______ you work hard.
- (A) until (B) unless (C) if (D) so that
જવાબ: (B) unless
(TAT Secondary, 2017)
Type 8: Not only…but also (Parallel Structure)
પ્રશ્ન: She is not only beautiful ______ kind.
- (A) but also (B) and also (C) as well as (D) also
જવાબ: (A) but also
(PSI Exam, 2019)
Type 9: Although…yet
પ્રશ્ન: Although he is old, ______ he is active.
- (A) but (B) yet (C) so (D) because
જવાબ: (B) yet
(Gujarat Panchayat Service, 2016)
Type 10: So…that
પ્રશ્ન: He is ______ weak ______ he cannot walk.
- (A) so…that (B) such…that (C) too…to (D) as…as
જવાબ: (A) so…that
(Talati cum Mantri, 2018)
Type 11: As if (Subjunctive)
પ્રશ્ન: He behaves as if he ______ the boss.
- (A) is (B) was (C) were (D) are
જવાબ: (C) were
(GSSSB Clerk, 2014)
Type 12: Error Spotting – Because…so
પ્રશ્ન: Because he was late (A)/ so he missed the bus (B)/ No error (C)
જવાબ: (B) so he missed → he missed (Because/so સાથે નહિ)
(Gujarat Constable, 2015)
Type 13: Both…and
પ્રશ્ન: ______ Raju ______ Babu are intelligent.
- (A) Neither…nor (B) Either…or (C) Both…and (D) Whether…or
જવાબ: (C) Both…and
(Bin Sachivalay, 2019)
Type 14: Though vs But
પ્રશ્ન: Though he worked hard, ______ he failed.
- (A) but (B) yet (C) so (D) and
જવાબ: (B) yet (Though…yet; but નહિ)
(GPSC Class 1-2, 2017)
Type 15: As…as (Negative: So…as)
પ્રશ્ન: He is not ______ tall as his brother.
- (A) as (B) so (C) more (D) very
જવાબ: (B) so (Negative sentence → so…as)
(TET-2, 2018)
૯. પરીક્ષા ઉપયોગી ટીપ્સ (Exam Tips)
- FANBOYS યાદ રાખો – For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
- Correlative Conjunctions ની જોડી યાદ રાખો: Both…and, Either…or, Neither…nor, Not only…but also, No sooner…than, Hardly…when, Such…that, So…that
- No sooner/Hardly/Scarcely પછી હંમેશા Inversion (Auxiliary + Subject)
- Neither…nor / Either…or – Verb છેલ્લા Subject સાથે મેળ ખાય
- Lest પછી should (Lest you should fail)
- Unless = If not (તેથી Unless…not ખોટું)
- Until = time, Unless = condition
- Although/Though પછી ‘but’ નહિ, ‘yet’ આવી શકે
- Because અને So એક સાથે ન વાપરો
- As if / As though પછી અવાસ્તવિક સ્થિતિ માટે were
- So…that (Adjective + that), Such…that (Adjective + Noun + that)
- Than / As પછી Subjective Case (He is taller than I)
૧૦. Quick Revision Table (ઝડપી પુનરાવર્તન)
| Conjunction Type | Examples | Key Exam Point |
|---|---|---|
| Coordinating | FANBOYS | And, But, Or, So, Yet, For, Nor |
| Subordinating | Because, If, When, Although | Main + Subordinate clause |
| Correlative | Both…and | Both Ram and Shyam |
| Correlative | Either…or | Verb = or પછીનું subject |
| Correlative | Neither…nor | Verb = nor પછીનું subject |
| Correlative | Not only…but also | Parallel structure |
| Correlative | No sooner…than | Inversion (had + subject) |
| Correlative | Hardly…when | Inversion |
| Correlative | So…that | So + adj + that |
| Special | Lest | Lest + should |
| Special | Unless | Unless = If not |
| Special | Until | Until = time |
| Special | As if | As if + were |
૧૧. અભ્યાસ માટે 40 ટેસ્ટ પ્રશ્નો (Self-Assessment)
Part A: Fill in the blanks with correct conjunction
- He is rich ______ unhappy. (but/and/so)
- Work hard ______ you will fail. (or/and/so)
- He was tired, ______ he slept early. (so/because/but)
- ______ he is clever, he is lazy. (Although/Because/So)
- He passed ______ he worked hard. (because/so/but)
- Wait here ______ I return. (until/unless/if)
- You will fail ______ you work hard. (unless/until/if)
- Run fast ______ you should miss the train. (lest/so that/because)
- No sooner did he see me ______ he ran away. (than/when/then)
- Hardly had I left ______ it started raining. (when/than/then)
Part B: Choose the correct correlative conjunction
- ______ Ram ______ Shyam is coming. (Neither…nor/Either…or) – Negative
- She is ______ beautiful ______ intelligent. (not only…but also / either…or)
- You can have ______ tea ______ coffee. (both…and/either…or)
- ______ the principal ______ the teachers were present. (Both…and/Neither…nor)
- He is ______ rich ______ generous. (not only…but also / either…or)
Part C: Subject-Verb Agreement with Correlatives
- Neither Ram nor his friends ______ (is/are) coming.
- Either the students or the teacher ______ (is/are) responsible.
- Not only the manager but also the employees ______ (was/were) late.
- Either you or I ______ (am/are) to blame.
- Neither the teacher nor the students ______ (has/have) arrived.
Part D: Error Spotting (Correct/Incorrect)
- No sooner I had reached than he left. (Correct/Incorrect)
- Hardly had I entered when the bell rang. (Correct/Incorrect)
- Unless you do not work, you will fail. (Correct/Incorrect)
- Because he was ill, so he did not come. (Correct/Incorrect)
- Although he is poor, but he is honest. (Correct/Incorrect)
- He is so weak that he cannot walk. (Correct/Incorrect)
- Walk carefully lest you fall down. (Correct/Incorrect)
- He is taller than me. (Correct/Incorrect – exam standard)
- She behaves as if she was the queen. (Correct/Incorrect)
- Either Sita or Geeta are coming. (Correct/Incorrect)
Part E: Identify the type of Conjunction
- He is poor but honest. – Type: ______
- Because it was hot, we stayed home. – Type: ______
- Neither Ram nor Shyam came. – Type: ______
- Wait here until I come. – Type: ______
- Both tea and coffee are available. – Type: ______
Part F: Transformation (Join the sentences)
- He is rich. He is unhappy. (Join with ‘but’) → ____________________
- He worked hard. He wanted to pass. (Join with ‘so that’) → ____________________
- You work hard. You will succeed. (Join with ‘if’) → ____________________
- He is very weak. He cannot walk. (Join with ‘so…that’) → ____________________
- The train left. I reached the station. (Join with ‘no sooner…than’) →
જવાબો:
1 but, 2 or, 3 so, 4 Although, 5 because, 6 until, 7 unless, 8 lest, 9 than, 10 when, 11 Neither…nor, 12 not only…but also, 13 either…or, 14 Both…and, 15 not only…but also, 16 are, 17 is, 18 were, 19 am, 20 have, 21 Incorrect (had I reached), 22 Correct, 23 Incorrect (Unless you work), 24 Incorrect (remove so), 25 Incorrect (remove but / add yet), 26 Correct, 27 Correct (should added for exam), 28 Incorrect (I am), 29 Incorrect (were), 30 Incorrect (is), 31 Coordinating, 32 Subordinating, 33 Correlative, 34 Subordinating, 35 Correlative, 36 He is rich but unhappy, 37 He worked hard so that he could pass, 38 If you work hard, you will succeed, 39 He is so weak that he cannot walk, 40 No sooner had I reached the station than the train left.